Top fashion events in India

In ancient Indian fashion, India really did not have garments that were sewed together like dhoti, sarees, turbans, scarves. The recent developments in Indian fashion have changed the scenario. Now the fashion especially in urban India has changed.

People in India have got influenced and adapted the fashion which has become a vibrant scene and turned out a colorful and a glamorous world where everyday day a new trend is getting introduced. Until recently, people have focused on couture lines and wedding trousseau but now the Indian fashion has gone up to international market and got combined with the western culture.

 Fashion events like various fashion weeks are helping the designers to showcase their talent. These events are not only the launching several designers and models but also it is a platform for the business of fashion which has helped to interact between designers and buyers in Indian and international market. Indian fashion has got an international recognition all over the world.

The Fashion Design Council of India (FDCI) has played the most important role to the fashion design talent and fashion business to move ahead. FDCI advises and assists fashion designers, retailers, models, make-up artists, hair stylists, choreographers and manufacturers in raising professional standards and improving business practices while creating domestic and international opportunities.

Media is also playing a major role educating people about the fashion weeks. January through April designers showcase their autumn and winter collections and September through November the spring/summer collections are shown.

India Fashion week (IFW) is an event promoted by fashion design council of India which is sponsored by Wills Lifestyle, held twice annually which is considered to be the biggest fashion event in India which is held in capital of India, Delhi. Another grand event Lakme Fashion Week (LFW) Lakme, the cosmetic brand which organizes fashion events twice a year in Mumbai. Recently, Delhi Fashion Week organized by Prodigy Fashion an event management agency where participation is ‘by invitation only’ where each designer is been picked on basis of their creative talent by design experts.

Another ‘by invitation only’ fashion week which is held in the IT capital of India,Bangalore, recently established, in the south sector which is Bangalore Fashion Week (BFW) which has given opportunity to the upcoming designers and talents.

Designers like expose their creative talents with different themes. Their collections broadcast on televisions, magazines, newspapers all over the world & people follow the trends set by these designers. These events are not only showcasing their talents  but also generating  better business opportunities and the best mixing between designers, buyers and fashion market within the country and outside the country.

An orientation of fashion design industry in India

Fashion, not only include the apparel but it is applied art on lifestyle and accessories which are influenced by cultural and social conditions. Fashion design is a global and one of the fastest growing industries. Recently, India has come up in fashion. India is the largest exporter of fabric and second largest producer of silk which itself creates a background for fashion growth. The fashion in India is not only appreciated in India but also grabbed attention worldwide. Though there is an influence of the rich culture but also the Indian aesthetic talent has helped to succeed the industry.

Films and television has played a major role in fashion design where masses get to know trends which are changing day by day. The television, magazines, newspapers are educating about fashion which is influencing all ages and all classes. Designers are also playing major role in setting up the trend. Every year there are fashion events held where the designers are getting exposed globally.

Many designers like Ritu Beri, Rohit Bal, Rina Dhaka, Manish Arora, Satya Paul, Abraham and Thakore, Tarun Tahiliani, JJ Valaya and Manish Malhotra and many more have given fashion the next step of success where Indian market has been recognized at international level. These designer clothes, accessories have become a symbol of status.

Fashion is also exposed through different fashion institutions. These institutions are training students professionally to make them ready future of fashion industries. Within few years some young aspirants have given a tremendous contribution even to grow the institutions and the fashion industry as well. Fashion jobs have become highly paid jobs where there is enough scope for designing industry as well as other related industries. Fashion industry jobs are open for retails, designers, forecast, management, marketing, product developers etc.

During several years, boutiques, fashion houses, stores, malls, export houses, garment industries, textile mills etc have been a tremendous success. The retail response has made International brands enter the Indian Fashion Market. Earlier, only the metros cared about fashion but today small cities are becoming increasingly fashion and brand conscious.

USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN FASHION DESIGNING

The word technology does not mean that it is connected to the IT world or Google, Microsoft, Intel etc…Technology is very important even in the fashion industry and textile industry. Nowadays technology is involved in all stages, the main use of technology in any kind of work is to simplify the human effort, and it is time saving and fast.  

 for e.g.: in the production houses there would be at least 10 to 20 styles running at the same time and each style would have thousands of pcs, it becomes very difficult for the factory to keep a track on all that is happening hence all the style/stitching details are entered and with the help of a software which will be developed for each organization the factory will be able to keep track on the status of the orders

In regards to fashion technology we often hear many words such as CAD, PDM, POS, ERP etc.. 

all these are soft ware developed to keep a track on or to ease the effort and also to save time e.g.: CAD CAM is used in the lectra department to make the markers and calculate the marker efficiency, Corel draw can be used in the design department and so on there is the use of technology in every aspect offashion design. 

  Technology does not only mean computers or soft ware it also includes the machines which are used for sewing , the cutting tools , embroidery machines,  pressing equipment , packing machines etc.. Machines are always evolving and changing over the years this happens only because of the innov ations in technology.

The fashion industry always needs to keep updating the machines and systems since fashion is also something that keeps on changing. The fashion industry is a very good example of how technology has evolved over the years

Trend Forecast – Views from India Fashion Forum 2011

  The fashion segment is almost second largest in India after food. In the next five years we can expect a 2-3 fold increase in apparel with a similar pattern in jewelry, if gold prices do not increase. So, there is a huge scope for business in fashion.

  India is a youth - dominated country. New categories are emerging as the youth gets a wallet and a voice. What is true and fascinating is the emergence of fusion. They are making discontinuous changes to their definition of fashion. Though the over lying want is of not being clones of each other and showing their cool quotient, the underlying commonality is promoting green and organic and the love of tradition.

  One of the speakers has underlined the need to look for the unexpected, in terms of proportion, colour and most importantly, texture. For Autumn 2011-12, the details would be hidden. Cancelled button plackets and pockets would allow fabrics and textures to play the key role. Digital printing would provide interest with subtle optical patterning.

Printing would move to jackets, coat and even trousers. Perspectives would be from futuristic to technological aspects to ancient rural traditions. Clever cutting and precision construction would really put shape at the forefront. On the colour palette the greys, chambray, reds and greens would dominate.

  For accessories, quite chunky knits and furs on bags and shoes would have the home crafted look and designs driven by functionality would rule.

  Ancient primitive aesthetics mixed with a very precise contemporary look will be seen during Spring Summer-2012.

  An important trend in the retail segment would be do-it-yourself. More and more brands would invite customers to translate their preferences into products, such as creating own fragrances and customized t-shirts. Technology will play a vital role in the future of the fashion retail industry.

  Constant change through innovative ideas about product range and display will keep the interest of the consumer. Surprise should be the key element. 

Non-Store Retailing

In the world of internet, virtual stores (on-line stores) are becoming more popular. This solves the problem of increased real estate prices. Marketing is also done purely through news paper, catalogue and television. While it is nearly impossible for every brand to reach all the cities through stores, virtual retailing has made it possible.

  Online retailing has its own disadvantages. The most important one being the delivery of the purchased product to the customer unlike in physical store retailing, the customer walks into the store, picks, buys the product and carries it along.

Secondly, it is about setting the right expectations with customers. Sometimes the product looks very good on the screen or the catalogue but it may not meet the customer’s expectation when he gets it. This may have a negative impact on the brand’s image.

The next challenge is the payment as most of the people are not comfortable with credit cards and net banking, so cash on delivery is a good option. Equal amount of focus on physical and non store presence is what is needed to get the best of both the worlds.

New technologies for fashion forecast

  You see a cool style on the screen today and in 45 days you have it in the store. Thanks to the fashion scouts and super fast procurement and delivery systems, this is now a reality.

 Designers should have a good understanding of what consumer needs and what influences them. Thanks to the internet and to highly efficient trend portals on the internet, it is possible to access the international trends from one’s own desk.

The designers then use this information and using their ideas and creativity make design sketches along with the details like processing requirements, the various fabric options, trims requirements. This data is compiled in what is called the Product DataManagement (PDM). PDM is accessed by the developing team, either in-house or at the manufacturer’s end through the internet.

  Mood boards are digitally created which shows the colours, design and the mood for the particular collection. Animated 3D visualizations, also called ‘virtual catwalks’ are used to show the collections to the sales team. Hence, the process of preparation of actual samples is eliminated for the regular basic products, though new developments may need a prototype to bring together the design, fit, price and quality and to ensure that they are appropriate for the target customer. The softwares used are very user friendly and also help in minimizing the time required to do a task. The patterns are done using the software while considering the drape and elasticity of the fabric. The cutting and grading starts with 2D pattern and dresses the virtual model. It also shows details like fall of the fabric, areas where there is stretch, depending on the parameters entered. The corrections made on the 3D image are converted into the 2D form.

  The PPC (Production Planning and Control) tool indicates the available capacity and length of production time to delivery. We can also get history of sales which helps in forecasting initial sales.

  All this put together helps in achieving the jet speed availability of goods in the stores, reducing the cost, time and travel in the due course.   
FPR3ZBBBJCN4

Facts and general awareness about fashion and textile industry

The importance of ethical business is increasing and the consumers are becoming more aware regarding the same and if something doesn’t appear right, they will shout about it, media will dishonor the company in question and the brand image can be ruined.

Every exporter is taking care and addressing issues like sweat shops, child labour, poor wages, forced overtime, etc. the other important challenges are eco-friendliness, sustainability, traceability of hazardous substances and these should be implemented throughout the supply chain.

  From the issue of forced labour in the cotton fields of Uzbekistan, to the amount of water used in dyeing tee shirts, noxious chemicals used in finishing process, methane emitting sheep destroying the ozone layer, forced overtime in Chinese clothing factories, every aspect of supply chain should be monitored to avoid unethical business.

  Facts:

Textile waste occupies nearly 5% of all landfill space; one million tons of textiles will end up in a landfill every year. According to the World Bank, 20% of industrial fresh water pollution comes from textile treatment and dyeing. In 2009, the world used three trillion gallons of fresh water to produce 60 billion kilograms of fabric; it takes 700 gallons of fresh water to make one t-shirt. One trillion kilo watt hours are used every year by the global textile industry which equates to 10% of total global carbon impact.

  There is a request for more and more buyers around the world to their suppliers to take care of ethics part as well as to be more eco-friendly. There is a wealth of eco certification and legislation such as REACH. Systems and controls need to be in place to monitor. Machines and equipments are becoming more environmentally friendly with lower noise, emissions, lower energy consumption and using less oil lubricant,

  This concern is affecting all aspects of life, including the purchasing decisions of the end customers. They want to know that the garment they are buying and the way it has been produced is sustainable. That is, it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The Unique Art of Thewa Jewellery

The origin of the Thewa form of jewellery is said to be from Partabgarh (or Pratapgarh), a small province in Rajasthan. Unique to this small town, the Thewa art is a secretly guarded technique. It has been handed down from generation to generation of certain craftsmen who call themselves Raj Sonis. 

Thewa locally means setting. It originated in the eighteenth century. This form of jewellery gained popularity among the British residing or visiting India at the time. The Victorian and Edwardian women of the time incorporated finely crafted Thewa pieces into their jewellery. It was often picked up as souvenirs and several magnificent pieces of this art form are found among estate jewellery.

Historians of the time often described this technique as “quasi” enameling or “imitation” enameling as the jewellery often resembles the enamel technique with its coloured glass background. However the actual craft is very different from enameling which uses ground coloured glass melted onto the metal.

The technique starts with fine gold sheets of the highest purity (24 Karat) patterned with the design. Traditional Indian subjects are often used as designs. The gold is worked on lac to enable the delicate openwork creation of the design. This is then heat fused on to a clean piece of glass with extreme care and skill. A bezel unit which is similar to the closed setting used in Kundan style of setting is created. This probably is the origin of the name of this craft form. A highly polished piece of foil which is made of silver or tin is placed inside the bezel unit to form a backing for the gold and glass unit. This increases the light passing through the glass and intensifies the colour and brilliance of the piece. Sometimes the backing foil is also coloured to improve the hue of the glass.

Today Thewa Jewellery is produced in several popular forms like necklaces, pendants, earrings etc. The art form is however unique and specialized. This makes every piece of Thewa Jewellery a treasure to possess.

Blushing beauty - Rose Gold

Shimmering yellow and sparkling white have always been the preferred colours when it comes to jewellery. But 2011 has heralded the emergence of the blushing hues of Rose gold.

From clothes to footwear and watches to bags, the exotic rose gold metallic sheen has been at the forefront of trendy design this year. Jewellery designers have also caught on to this trend and we see designers like Cartier, Chopard, Boucheron, Michael Kors etc adopting this metal in their collections.

Rose gold also known as pink gold is an alloy of gold and copper. Gold is always alloyed with some other metals to make it durable for use. The ratio of gold to copper gives us the various hues of rose gold, ranging from subtle pinks to brighter reds.

Although rose gold has been around for a long time it has been relegated as a less popular colour of gold. Consumers have always swayed towards the traditional yellow and white colours. But jewellery is becoming more than just a security asset today. People are wearing jewellery to enhance their personality. 

So even though classics never go out of style, consumers are ready to experiment with new looks and materials. With rose gold as a hot trend this year, fashionistas are ready to snap up the latest rose gold jewellery. Even the more conservative are at least willing to experiment with a rose hued watch.

Rose gold is a lovely combination of the hot and the cold. It suits almost every skin colour and offsets diamonds beautifully. But several gemstones are also enhanced by this gold colour.

Where trends are in discussion can Hollywood be far behind? Celebrities like Cameron Diaz, Claire Danes, Nicole Richie, Halle Berry and Rihanna have been sporting trendy or classic jewellery pieces in rose gold at major events.

So if you don’t own rose gold jewellery, now is the perfect excuse to head out and snap up one of these exotic beauties. Blush on and be ready for admiring glances.

Men’s Jewellery - The Emergent Market Segment

Women have always been considered the connoisseurs of precious jewellery!. But this was not always the case. History has shown that men have always worn jewellery to some extent and even surpassed women sometimes. Kings and leaders have worn jewellery as a sign of power and to stamp their authority over others.

Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Aztecs, Greeks and Romans to modern rulers in India, Britain and Europe have worn several forms of jewellery according to their status and power. Crowns and diadems have always served as the supreme authority. Signet rings were often used as official seals or stamps.

Even religious heads have fallen for the appeal of jewellery with several articles of religious significance being worn by them Jewellery has always had some significance for men, whether as a sign of commitment with a simple wedding band or an affiliation to a club or educational institution. Celebrities from movies and music alike have also influenced the trends in men’s jewellery.

In today’s retail scenario, men’s jewellery is seen as a fast growing segment. With men across all age groups willing to buy jewellery as a fashion accessory, several designers have introduced special ranges of men’s jewellery. Younger boys are more influenced by fashion trends while men prefer classic styling.

The articles of jewellery available for men are rings, pendants, bracelets,cufflinks, tie-pins, hat-pins, chains and the list goes on. While gold and silver are classic metals, platinum, steel and titanium are also gaining favour.

The styling for men’s jewellery is also different. Geometrical shapes, crisp lines and angles are preferred. Colours if used are masculine and bold like red, navy blue or black and white. Themes also cater to male interests. Sports like grand prix, golf, football etc serve as inspiration to designers.

The technical and mechanical fields also influence design with circuits, rivets, bolts etc used as elements in men’s design. Symbols like crests, coat of arms or special league marks are commonly used on rings or cufflinks.

Precious gemstones and diamonds are also preferred by affluent men. However stone cuts

like the round, emerald, baguette, asscher and trillion are desired for their clean geometrical lines.

Designer and branded jewellery for men is a very viable business for designers to tap into as men are ready to spend the money to own that distinctive piece of masculine jewellery.

Branded Jewellery

A brand serves as a distinction of a product from others of its kind. Brand names create distinguishing images or identity for a consumer to recognize and desire. Brands exist in almost all industries and the Jewellery industry is no different.

In older times, jewellery was seen as the indulgence of the affluent society with court jewellers producing exquisite handmade one of a kind pieces. But with industrialization and better prosperity across the populace, jewellery is sought after by all classes. 

For better catering to this wide and divergent market, jewellery producers have started adopting a brand identity. Jewellery is typically worn for occasions or to commemorate certain events in one’s life. Identifying these segments, specific brands cater to specific requirements.

Wedding jewellery is a huge segment and several brands specialize in exclusive wedding bands, engagement rings, promise rings etc. The platinum industry and the diamond industry have also built brands for this specific segment. So you have platinum guild endorsing the platinum “love band” for celebrating your day of love. DeBeers also has engagement and wedding rings for this niche with the option of designing your own engagement ring.

Vogue Institute of fashion technology

The working class is another large market. With women more independent and financially more secure, there is a requirement for work-wear jewellery. Special ranges are created to cater to this market with smaller but more elegant style jewellery like pendants, earrings and bracelets available. Also trends like the right hand ring are popular as women want to assert their identity.

Men’s jewellery and children’s jewellery are other growing markets. Several brands introduce specially designed ranges or lines to provide a variety of jewellery for these segments.

The greatest advantage of a brand is the assurance of quality. The purity of gold, the quality of the stones and the workmanship used in the jewellery are important. Brand names try to build up on these criteria so when a consumer buys a product from a specific brand, he is assured of the value of his purchase. Often certificates accompany the products as a mark of quality.

The process of building a brand is entirely based on trust. When a customer is satisfied with the product after investing a considerable sum of money, he will always prefer to return back to the same brand when he has a requirement the next time. This is known as brand loyalty.

With prominent jewellery houses and corporate names introducing jewellery brands, consumers now have a large variety of specially designed jewellery to fulfil their every wish and desire.

Art Deco circa 1920 – 1935

The Roaring Twenties as it was called is known as a fun-loving, decadent era. Women won the right to vote in 1920. With this development women became bolder and more independent. Women rebelled by wearing short dresses, red lipstick, and bobbed hair. Society embraced the new "modern art" brought about by Cubism and the Ballet Russe.

The boyish silhouette adopted by women was accessorized with long dangling earrings, long strands of pearls, diamond watches, dress clips and cocktail rings, and bracelets in multiples on both upper and lower arms.

Post-war also brought better prosperity. This broadened the market for platinum, diamonds and precious stones. Popularity of the white-on-white look carried over from pre-WWI days, with the addition of ruby, emerald and sapphire accents.

Society's emphasis on freedom of expression and uninhibited values gave rise to unexpected and dramatic combinations of materials in jewellery; for example, coral and diamonds, or turquoise and sapphire. Black enamel was often used to add contrast.

At the same time a random "jumble" of carved coloured gemstones, termed the "fruit salad" look, became popular. There are several beautiful pieces designed by Cartier in this look.

The influence of Cubism is apparent in the strong symmetry and geometry, and streamlined shapes of Art Deco jewellery. Geometric diamond cuts like the baguette, emerald, triangle, shield and calibre cuts were developed and widely used in jewellery.

In 1923 there was an archaeological landmark. King Tut’s tomb was discovered prompting a craze for Egyptian motifs like the scarab, sphinx and papyrus. Stones which had been used in King Tut's jewellery, like lapis lazuli, carnelian and chalcedony also became popular. India & the Orient also influenced design at the time with usage of carved gemstones, ivory, jade and highly stylized natural motifs.

The automobile industry also developed at this time. Art Deco culture came to symbolize speed and motion. Jewellery designs included motifs like autos, planes, arrows, gazelles and panthers.

Several unique jewellery forms enjoyed a particular prominence during this era, including dress clips, flexible diamond "strip" bracelets, and pearls worn as sautoirs or long ropes. The recent marketing of the cultured pearl created by the Japanese made these long necklaces more affordable. Also popular were diamond encrusted cocktail watches.

A historically important time, Art Deco continues to influence designers with several pieces of jewellery still being produced in this style.

WRINKLE – FREE PROCESSING OF FABRICS & GARMENTS

A resurgence of demand for easy care cotton containing casual wear led to the introduction of WRINKLE FREE cotton trousers. Blends of Polyester and Cotton and 100% Polyster suitings are naturally wrinkle free but the polyster being hydrophobic material it cannot give the comfort to the wearer what a 100% cotton suiting can give. The hygroscopic nature of cotton makes it a sought after material for garments especially in hot and humid climate. With global warming, 100% cotton material is preferred material for garments. But the problem with 100% cotton garments is that they wrinkle badly as they have poor wrinkle resistance. That is why 100% cotton material is given wrinkle-free treatment. 

         Wrinkle-free finish can be achieved in three different ways: PRECURE, POSTCURE & IMMERSION (Garments). For pre-cure, the resin is applied to the fabric & fully cured at the mill to crosslink cellulose. Precure gives good after wash, smoothness, imparts good dimensional stability & requires no additional wet processing treatment by the garment manufacturer.

         For post cure, the resin is applied at the mill but not cured. After the garment is assembled and pressed, the resin is cured by heating to cross link the cellulose and set the crease.

      For immersion finishing, assembled garments are soaked in or sprayed with the resin, dried, pressed & cured. Immersion finishing gives a very soft hand, & premature curing is not a problem. Distressed looks can be incorporated prior to curing and garments soiled during processing can be cleaned prior to immersion.

ENZYME FINISHING OF GARMENTS

       ENZYME FINISHING

In enzyme finishing Cellulose/ Amylase enzymes are used. The single component CELLULASE enzyme, alkaline-neutral cellulose, was introduced in 1992. This mono-component enzyme produced high – contrast abrasion & gave very good fabric strength retention. Hydrolysis of the cellulose, which is catalyzed by enzyme, causes the surface fibers to become weakening & later removed when subjected to fabric to fabric abrasion or fabric to pumice stone abrasion during the washing. The temperature & pH used are dependent upon enzyme used. Usually neutral cellulose (2 – 4 gpl) is applied at pH of 6-7

Vogue institute of fashion Technology

      PEACH SKIN FINISHING USING ENZYMES:

Peach skin finishes are given to Chinoes suiting materials, Denim material and for Tencel fabrics. Tencel has high strength ( In dry & wet state) & dry tenacity is almost equal to that of Polyester. According to Mr. Rodgers production of the   Peach – skin effect requires that fibre be PREFIBRILLATED, DEFIBRILLATED & REFIBRILATED.

   Prefibrillation splits the surface hairs on the fabric similar to stripping back the bark on a twig. It requires mechanical action also such as tumbling in a wet processing stage. Prefibrillation creates tangled masses of fibres. Defibrillation of the pills of fibre (Entangled mass of fibres) with enzyme produce a very smooth fabric with almost no protruding fibres. Any of the acidic, mildly acidic or neutral cellulose enzymes are suitable for defibrillation. Refibrillation or secondary fibrillation produces SECONDARY HAIRS on the fabric surface, generating the peach skin hair. Prefibrillation is carried out in the desizing stage. Defibrillation takes place in washing stage & for Denim garments the same process is used for color washing also. Refibrillation is accomplished by agitation in the normal softener application stage of wet processing. 

Contributed by Vogue institute of fashion Technology

DENIM WASHING AND FINISHING OF GARMENTS

INTRODUCTION

The art of garment dyeing is an ancient one. There is evidence that prehistoric man applied colored pigments to vegetable & animal matter such as fibers & skins. Garments made from various fabrics are now being dyed & delivered to the customer in a short period of time. With today’s exploding clothing markets of casual & sportswear, garment dyeing has emerged as one of the better production routes towards meeting the quickly changing demands of the fashion market. Though any kind of material can be dyed in garment from but cotton is more popular to dye and finish in garment form than any other fibre. Processing of DENIM and some CHINOES is more common fashion in garment dyeing field.

VARIOUSTECHNIQUES OF WASHING & FINISHING:

Denim goods finishing has a longer history, the techniques used for denim finishing has been extended to other items such as chambrays, solid color indigo dyed fabrics & chinoes suiting. A variety of washing effects are achievable on denim goods dyed with the traditional indigo dyed, which is selected on accounts of it’s brilliant blue color & excellent fading characteristics to washing, finishing or abrasion. Depending upon the dyeing method, goods dyed with indigo dyes have poor color penetration with ring dyed yarns; thus after finishing them they give good acceptable faded look.

Some of the most popular common & advanced washing & finishing techniques for denim garments & others are given below.

1)      CONVENTIONAL WASHING :

This entails the desizing the materials with enzyme & detergent followed by washing at an elevated temperature. The degree of color fading is comparatively slight, but uniform.

2)      STONE WASHING :

Volcanic rocks also called as PUMICE stones are added to the garments during washing as abradant. Colour fading by this process is more but not uniform. The degree of color fading depends upon washing time and stone ratio (i.e. Wt. of stones: Wt. of Garments), size of stones, liquor ratio & garment load. Generally washing machine is run for 60 min. to 120 min. & it depends upon degree of fading.

3)      DENIM BLEACHING :

In this process a strong oxidative bleach such as Sodium hypochlorite or Potassium permanganate is added during washing, with or without stone addition. Discoloration is usually more apparent depending on strength of  the bleaches, liquor quantity and treatment time. A strong bleach with short treatment time is preferred for better bleached colors. The bleached goods should be adequately anticlored or after washed with peroxide to minimize subsequently yellowing & tendering of the goods. Some times optical brightening agent is added to get brighter appearance for white or near white shades.

     A recent innovation in decolorizing Indigo, referred to as enzyme bleaching using LACCASE enzyme(Mediator system). Laccase is an Oxidoreductase enzyme that accepts oxygen from air & attaches it to a mediator, which then reacts & decolorizes the indigo molecule. The mediator, which is an organic molecule, consumed during 10 – 20 min. period so the process is self limiting without any degradation or weakening of the product or no danger of over bleaching.

   Color can also be removed in denim washing by reductive processes. One process, some times called Sugar bleaching, uses carbohydrates like Dextrose, which contain reducing groups. The process requires high pH, elevated temperature & large quantity of Carbohydrates. The use of high level of Carbohydrates produces waste water & high BOD & COD.

4)      ACID WASHING ( STONE WASH) :

Acid washing is usually done by tumble drying the garments with Pumice stones presoaked in a solution of Sodium hypochlorite (5 – 10%) or potassium permanganate (3 – 6%) such that localized bleaching takes place resulting in a non-uniform sharp Blue/ White contrast. The color contrast after tumbling can be further enhanced by a subsequent optical brightening. Soft stones that are usually dust off are suitable for this process.

Vogue institute of fashion Technology

Vogue college of fashion technology, Bangalore offers Fashion designing courses, 

Jewelry designing,  Diamond grading, Retail Management, Fashion Merchandising and management courses. 

It also provides classes on graduation and certifications including BBM, MBA and Diploma on many professional courses.